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Articles about Shmoop is an online study guide for English Literature (0-47 of 47)

  • Physical And Metaphorical Walls In Poetry: "mending Wall" And "the Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock"
    By: Paul Thomson | - "Good fences makes good neighbors" is an old British proverb that Robert Frost revitalized in his 1914 poem "Mending Wall." According to the narrator's neighbor, personal space is an unavoidable part of getting along, even if the boundary between people is only psychological. What good fences don't make, however, is a whole lot of sense - especially if nature has anything to say about it.

    The narrator of the poem talks about how the groundwater freezes every winter, bulging the ground in ...

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  • Playing The Game:power Structures In Mathabane's Kaffir Boy And Achebe's No Longer At Ease
    By: Paul Thomson | - Mark Mathabane's 1986 autobiography, Kaffir Boy, describes his upbringing under South African apartheid and the process by which he escapes to the United States. A bright student, young Mark devours the books his mother's white employer lends him, and through their relationship, he also begins playing tennis which was pretty high on the list of white and upper-crusty sports in those days. Under the guidance of a black player, Mark becomes so skilled that he is invited to play at an all-white ...
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  • Equal Protection, The Us Consitition, And The George Washington Connection
    By: Paul Thomson | - Whenever laws aren't explicitly stipulated in the American Constitution (and when it comes to constitutional law, nothing is explicit), each state takes advantage of the wiggle room to create and maintain its own legal code. Although this gives states a lot of leeway in areas, precautions are taken to ensure that the laws most directly affecting people have a certain level of standardization. Enter the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

    The EPC requires that states do no ...

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  • Crazy And Inspiring Quotes From Hamlet And To Kill A Mockingbird
    By: Paul Thomson | - "The Tragedy of Hamlet" is one of those plays that hovers around a thousand on the quotability meter. "To be, or not to be" and the ensuing inner debate on suicide is one of the earliest and most important moments of existentialism in Western literature. Hamlet's soliloquy is so good, in fact, that sometimes one forgets how brilliant the rest of the play is.

    In fact, Prince Hamlet is arguably at his best when he's in the room with other people. Never has the description "crazy smart" been ...

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  • Watching Characters Grow Up: The Catcher In The Rye And To Kill A Mockingbird
    By: Paul Thomson | - For most of us, reading "The Catcher in the Rye" and "To Kill a Mockingbird" sticks out as a highlight of the high school lit experience. This ain't no Charles Dickens; both stories are narrated by young protagonists in everyday speak and are chock full of youthful insights - namely, that adulthood sucks. Holden Caulfield and Scout Finch are two kids looking down the road connecting childhood and adulthood, only from opposite ends of the trip. Both are full of contradictions, both defy the gende ...
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  • Sacrificing Individuality In Steven Crane's Civil War Novel, The Red Badge Of Courage
    By: Paul Thomson | - When Steven Crane wrote The Red Badge of Courage in 1895, he had never even been in a battle, let alone the American Civil War. Nevertheless, it's now considered one of the most accurate portrayals of war in literature - a characteristic that initially ticked a lot of Americans off as being "unpatriotic." Only when British critics praised the novel could Americans forgive Crane's suggestion that war is no picnic in the park.

    The novel centers on Henry Fleming, a.k.a. the Youth, who enters ...

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  • Things Fall Apart: Chinua Achebe's Snapshot Of Nigerian Colonization
    By: Paul Thomson | - Chinua Achebe is a multi award-winning Nigerian writer and one of the most important African authors of all time. He is also the most translated which is saying something, considering that he writes in English specifically for the purpose of bridging language barriers. His three most widely read novels form a sort of trio that explores Nigerian history during British colonization. By focusing on traditional Igbo culture, the novels provide a very human backdrop for the immense social changes ...
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  • Fdr And Mark Twain Quotes, And Why We Love To Quote Them
    By: Paul Thomson | - Samuel Langhorn Clemens (better known as Mark Twain) and Franklin Delano Roosevelt don't seem to have especially much in common except for the fact that they are both as American as apple pie "" which, true to form, is actually a British concoction. Both have cool nicknames ("Mark Twain" and "FDR"), both died in the same month (April 21, 1910 and April 12, 1945) and both were members of the Masonic Order. The ball's in your court, Dan Brown.

    What the two gentlemen really had in common ...

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  • Boo! A Halloween Summary Of To Kill A Mockingbird
    By: Paul Thomson | - For many, Halloween is the time to brave the consumer crowds, dress up like our favorite villains and superheroes, and invest in a dental plan. For those of us who are too old (or too sober) to put on a Halloween costume, however, this is the perfect time to curl up by the radiator and indulge in a scary story.

    Harper Lee's American classic To Kill a Mockingbird may not be the first thing that springs to mind, but if you strip the story of its youthfully innocent narration and happy summe ...

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  • A Perfect Day For Dissecting J.d. Salinger's Bananafish
    By: Paul Thomson | - J.D. Salinger's 1951 classic short story, "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," introduces Salinger's favorite character, Seymour Glass only to kill him some several pages later. The story starts in a posh seaside hotel room, where we overhear Glass's wife on the phone with her mother discussing Seymour's mental health. From there, we head to the beach, where Seymour is hanging out with a four-ish-year old girl named Sybil and telling her stories about the elusive "bananafish." The story ends with ...
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  • Doing The Wrong Thing The Right Way: A Look At The Characters In Macbeth And Hamlet
    By: Paul Thomson | - "The Tragedy of Macbeth" and "The Tragedy of Hamlet" are Shakespeares most widely read plays featuring royalty as main characters. Both are about the violent overthrow of the throne, both contain plenty of needless casualties, and both are gruesome enough to drive their leading ladies to suicide. (Kudos to Shakespeare for writing these cleverly enough that they werent banned by the English Crown, which was a tad sensitive in those days.) Superficial details aside, however, these two tales ...
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  • Women's Rights And The Unequal Application Of The Equal Protection Clause Of The 14th Amendment
    By: Paul Thomson | - Americans may find themselves asking how gender equality particularly in the workplace can continue to be a struggle in the country whose constitution has inspired fledgling democracies the world over. Actually, the Constitution doesnt ever guarantee or advocate equality. All that nice stuff about everyone being "created equal" comes from the Declaration of Independence, which, in terms of legal applicability, was little more than an angry breakup letter to the Brits.

    The closes ...

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  • Great Gatsby Character Study. Jay Gatsby: The Myth, The Legend, The"'¦ Really Straightforward Gu
    By: Paul Thomson | - For most readers, The Great Gatsby is a story about mystery, intrigue, and deception. Even those big floating eyes on the book cover have an enigmatic, come-hither dreaminess. Gatsby is a mystifying figure who appears out of nowhere, buys a mansion, and embarks on what appears to be a crusade to get every person in a five-mile radius completely hammered. His inexplicable entrance into an uber posh area of New York City sparks a flurry of questions. Does he have a secret past? Has he assum ...
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  • A Basic Great Gatsby Summary, And How Nick Ruins It For You
    By: Paul Thomson | - Although The Great Gatsby is one of Americas most beloved and respected novels, the basic premise of the book is so simple that it could easily make for a bad sitcom: boy meets girl, boy loses girl, girl marries someone else, boy buys nearby mansion, tells girl he happened to be in the neighborhood. What gives the story its depth and complexity aside from the tricky love pentagram and depressing double-murder/suicide are the elements added by Nick Carraways narration.

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  • Lies, Innuendo And Oneupmanship In Shakespeare's Poetry: Sonnet 130 And The Fair Youth Series
    By: Paul Thomson | - Shakespeares Sonnet 130 is unique in its unglamorous portrayal of the so-called Dark Lady to whom it is addressed. In it, the narrator offers us a startlingly generous list of differences between the Dark Lady and your stereotypical beauty: she has ugly lips, a bad complexion, frizzy hair, colorless cheeks, smelly breath, an unmelodic voice, and a funky gait.

    Giggles aside, what makes this description more compelling than Shakespeares other sonnets particula ...

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  • For The Girls: Performing Gender In To Kill A Mockingbird And Twelfth Night
    By: Paul Thomson | - For most of us, the long, lazy days of summer conjure up memories of fortbuilding, skinned knees, sleepovers, and an influx of summer bugs befitting a biblical plague. For girls in particular, though, the summers of childhood were a time of liberation from the dresses and demureness that were unduly expected of them in the classroom. Sugar and spice my ass; childhood is about ROMPING.

    Our collective memories of summertime adventure are undoubtedly the reason why Harper Lee"s To Kill a Moc ...

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  • J. Alfred Prufrock, And The Dilemma Of Teaching 21st Century Students
    By: Paul Thomson | - Now that the fall semester is gearing up, youre probably cooking up new ways of getting todays students engaged in their studies. And since conducting class via Twitter sounds neither feasible nor appealing, it might be time to look into your other options.

    With more and more sites like YouTube, Facebook and StumbleUpon competing for their attention, its tricky getting students interested in the good ol paper-based classics. In terms of sheer stimuli, even ...

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  • The Columbian Exchange Beginning With Spanish Colonization
    By: Paul Thomson | - The Europeans so-called discovery of the so-called New World goes down in history as one of the most important and earth-shattering moments in human history, ranking right up there with the advent of agriculture, the domestication of animals, and the discovery of the use of fire. Although the Vikings made it to Newfoundland around the year 1000, they apparently decided that Greenland would make for a much better colony and scrammed, leaving the Spanish with all the glory almost five cent ...
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  • The Whosie-whatsit War: How The French And Indian War Shaped Us History
    By: Paul Thomson | - To call the French and Indian War Americas forgotten war would be misleading, since that doesnt leave any good nicknames for the Barbary Wars, the War of 1812, the Spanish-American War, the Philippine-American War, or the Korean War. Otherwise, the title fits; the hugely influential French and Indian war, fought between Britain, France, several Native American nations, and the colonials, is responsible for the fact that, among other things, the US is down here and French C ...
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  • The Lesser-known Facts: A Wwii Study Guide To American (non-)involvement
    By: Paul Thomson | - This July 24th marks the 65th anniversary of the German retreat from Brittany and Normandy just a month and a half after the D-Day invasion of World War II. Heralded as the major turning point on the European front, the Allied invasion of Normandy remains one of the most celebrated military operations in living memory, having helped put an end to what is commonly known in America as the Good War.

    While buzzwords like D-Day, Allied Forces, and Good War give WWII an honored place in ...

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  • Madness, Futility, And Death: A Shakespearean Take On Poe's The Raven"'
    By: Paul Thomson | - Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is one of the most easily recognizable poems in the world, ranking it right up there with Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit. Written from a first-person perspective, the poem chronicles its narrators rapid descent into madness, paranoia, and the macabre after a strange encounter with a ghoulish raven. His brooding melancholy at the beginning of the narrative has been set off by the loss of a beloved Lenore, whom we are left to presume ...
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  • Visions Of Dystopia In The Giver And The Lottery"'
    By: Paul Thomson | - Lois Lowrys The Giver is only one in a huge series of classic dystopian literature. (Think utopia, then think Third Reich.) What makes it stand out from novels like 1984 or Brave New World aside from the iconic grizzled-old-man cover is that you might have memories of reading it already in the fourth or fifth grade; in this sense, you could put The Giver in the same category as Shirley Jacksons The Lottery, a deceptively uncomplicated dystopian short story ...
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  • Why Shakespeare Breaks Basic Writing Rules In Sonnet 18,"' Hamlet,"' And Romeo And Juliet
    By: Paul Thomson | - Shakespeare famously opens his Sonnet 18 with the question, Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and then proceeds to do exactly that. Aside from establishing rhythmic continuity and rhyme scheme, this may not seem like the best use of the readers time especially considering that sonnets have such limited real estate to begin with. As we read on, however, we discover that the poem, which pretends to be dedicated to a mysterious thee, actually ends up being ...
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  • Transience, Destruction, And Other Pick-me-uppers In Ozymandias"' And The Great Gatsby
    By: Paul Thomson | - Ozymandias, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, is a poem about the colossal wreck left over from what used to be a fantastic empire. In the middle of a desert were talking sand, sun, and then more sand are the shattered stone legs and head of what probably used to be a pretty impressive statue of Rameses II (or Ozymandias in Greek, which just sounds way cooler). The inscription at the base reads, My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: / Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despai ...
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  • Southern Gothic Writing In A Rose For Emily"' And To Kill A Mockingbird
    By: Paul Thomson | - Southern Gothic is an American subgenre of the Gothic style, which is probably most familiar to you from the Bront sisters of Victorian England. (No, were not talking Hot Topic here.) Like its European progenitor, the Southern Gothic style relies heavily on the supernatural only with less O, Heathcliffe! and more Oh no, racism! (Unlike Gothic novels, Southern Gothic novels are more interested in uncovering social crimes and injustices than being gloomy for gloomy ...
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  • The Great Gatsby, The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock, And The Trouble With Modern Men
    By: Paul Thomson | - Jay Gatsby and J. Alfred Prufrock are two modern literary protagonists whod probably never be caught dead in the same room together. Although both turn-of-the-century men are in love with utterly unattainable women, their attitudes toward life, the universe, and everything couldnt be more opposite. Gatsby amasses a fortune, buys a mansion, throws lavish parties, and completely reinvents himself, taking the flamboyant peacock approach to wooing his ladyfriend. Prufrock, on the oth ...
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  • Art, Gender, And Domination In Middlemarch And My Last Duchess"'
    By: Paul Thomson | - George Eliots Middlemarch and Robert Brownings My Last Duchess are two Victorian-era works that delve into the world of bad relationships. (In case you were wondering why theyre both so long.) Interestingly, both pieces of literature also rely heavily on descriptions of paintings and sculptures to explore a skewed male-female dynamic. This technique of using one art form to portray a second art form (ex. painting a statue or writing about a photo) is what high-fall ...
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  • A Rose For Emily: Memorializing The Anniversary Of William Faulkner's Death
    By: Paul Thomson | - July 6, 2009 marks the forty-seventh anniversary of William Faulkners death. Although the date of someones demise isnt the kind of thing we typically celebrate (what, no piatas?), we must remember that Faulkners writing relied heavily on themes of death and decay, and that he would never have us flinch in the face of his or anyone elses mortality.

    What Faulkner would have us flinch in the face of, apparently, was his writing, which teems with ...

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  • The Fourth Of July: Us History And The Dream Of America
    By: Paul Thomson | - With the Fourth of July on its way, Americans are beginning to stockpile their reserves of hot dogs, hamburgers, cole-slaw, sodas, and other heart-healthy snacks. This is the time when the whole family often including weird relatives you never even knew you had gathers around the barbecue or the picnic bench, or the tree your cat got stuck in when the neighbor set off a bottle rocket. This is the time to watch your kid sister in the downtown parade, or to go play baseball with you pals, or to ...
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  • Summer Literature
    By: Paul Thomson | - For most teens and tweens, summertime means hitting up the nearest beach, river, public pool, swimhole, or neighbors garden hose, depending on your locale. For some, it means traveling, or finally getting around to that oft-dreamed-of roadtrip. For others, it means bulking up in secret to astonish your friends and dismay your enemies. But for an increasing number of students, it means mandatory summer reading. Long gone are the carefree summer breaks of childhood, which stretched on for ...
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  • Shakespeare, Poetry, And The Power Of Art
    By: Paul Thomson | - Poetry can have an incredibly polarizing effect: people tend to either swear by at or swear at it. What gives? Well, aside from the fact that good poetry can be dauntingly elitist while bad poetry is, as a rule, truly god-awful, art in general is a very powerful medium and poetry is one particularly artsy and inaccessible form of art. In fact, poetry is so powerful that it can be wielded against other people. Not just in the sense of intimidating your classmates with a spiffy beret, or holding ...
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  • Corruption And Power According To Shakespeare, Ibsen, And Metallica
    By: Paul Thomson | - As Metallica awesomely misquoted from Shakespeare, heavy is the head that wears the crown. Probably because most heads actually willing to wear a crown are a wee bit on the swollen side. And since big head + big crown + huge responsibility almost never = rainbows and cupcakes, its easy to see why the phrase power corrupts is so universally held as truth.

    For a great pick-me-up in the morning, check out the days world news. Or local news. Or high school news, ...

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  • A Good Man Is Hard To Find Especially During Hard Times
    By: Paul Thomson | - Whether we like to admit it or not, theres something in the human heart thats drawn to darkness and chaos. You know that superhuman hearing you suddenly get when car tires screech in the distance? Or the strange glee you feel when the Joker blows up a hospital in his finest nurses uniform? This mischievous tendency, which Edgar Allen Poe famously referred to the imp of the perverse, sits just below the surface of most peoples everyday lives. Perhaps our lov ...
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  • Hemingway & Fitzgerald
    By: Nate Gillespie | - F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway: Both towering figures in the history of American literature, the two writers shared a complicated real-life relationship. At times they were friends, at times enemies; often they were drinking buddies, and always they regarded each other with an odd mixture of admiration and jealousy.

    Fitzgerald, a few years older and the first to become a literary star, hooked an unpublished young Hemingway up with his editor at Scribner's, helping to launch He ...

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  • French & Indian War The Start Of Us History
    By: Nate Gillespie | - It's hard for us now to imagine George Washington as anything other than the stately, even regal figure staring back at us from the dollar bill or from the slopes of Mount Rushmore. But George Washington wasn't always a stoic visage carved in granite. He was once just a young man, trying to stay ahead of shifting circumstances just like anyone else. This May 28th marks the 255th anniversary of George Washington's first brush with greatness and also his first brush with catastrophe. He ...
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  • Poetry Goes Hollywood
    By: Nate Gillespie | - "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked."
    Now that's the way to start a poem.

    Allen Ginsberg's Howl was one of the mid-twentieth century's most famous, controversial, and challenging poems. Some said it changed American culture forever, leading the way from the staid 1950s to the wild 1960s. Others said it wasn't even poetry at all, that it was nothing more than an incoherent and often obscene rant. (It took a judge, ultimately, to ...

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  • Remember Wwii
    By: Nate Gillespie | - June 6 is D-Day. Or the 65th anniversary of D-Day, to be exact. It's hard to believe that that momentous day, when Allied forces stormed the beaches of Normandy and marked the beginning of the end of World War II, is now old enough to qualify for Social Security.

    And if the day itself is old enough for retirement, that means that the men who fought there ranging from teenagers to older soldiers in their 30s and even 40s are all now entering the twilight phase of life. Or they're alre ...

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  • April In The South
    By: Nate Gillespie | - April is an important month in American history. The Civil War both began and ended in April; between the April of Fort Sumter and the April of Appomattox Court House, more than half a million Americans died on battlefields stretching from Pennsylvania to Arizona.

    The North won the Civil War, of course, but in some ways the lines that divided blue from gray in the 1860s never completely went away. The South remains a different place from the rest of the country, its culture and history ...

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  • National Poem In Your Pocket Day
    By: Nate Gillespie | - April 30 may not (yet) be a national holiday on par with July 4 or January 1, but maybe it will be soon. Why? Because it's National Poem in Your Pocket Day.

    What's that, you say? Yes, it's National Poem in Your Pocket Day (and no, this isn't the punchline to a bad "or are you just happy to see me?" joke). This fledgling holiday has been celebrated in New York City since 2002, but only went national last year. Now it's hit the big time, as literary types from coast to coast tak ...

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  • Gatsby At The Crash
    By: Nate Gillespie | - No one in American culture personifies boom times quite like Jay Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald's fictional scion of West Egg. When times are good, we all imagine ourselves crashing one of Gatsby's legendary parties, rubbing elbows with the rich and famous as we celebrate our ascent out of the hoi polloi and into the financial elite.

    The attitude may have been best captured by the rapper Sean "Puff Daddy" "Puffy" "P. Diddy" "Diddy" Combs, who rose from hustling in the streets to become a mu ...

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  • Blasts From The Past
    By: Nate Gillespie | - Sometimes it seems that all is new in the world. New developments in science and technology roll out at a staggering pace, revolutionizing our day-to-day lives and enticing us with the promise of allowing us to boldly go where no man has gone before. (Or, at the very least, enticing us with ridiculously cool CGI effects in the new Star Trek movie.) Sometimes it seems like we'll soon all be communicating with each other only via Twitter.

    But then sometimes it seems like the world isn't ...

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  • Obama's Hundred Days
    By: Nate Gillespie | - April 29 isn't a date that would normally stand out on the calendar. This year it falls on a Wednesday, almost but not quite marking the end of the month. We suspect that most years, April 29 would slip by without most of us taking any particular notice of it.

    But this year, perhaps for the only time ever, April 29 will be received with great fanfare. This year, April 29 will have its day in the sun, temporarily rivaling more famous dates like July 4 or October 31. Why? Because this ...

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  • Black History Month
    By: Nate Gillespie | - This February, we honor Black History Month for the 84th time since Professor Carter G. Woodson began the tradition as "Negro History Week" all the way back in 1926. In 2009, though, something about our national recognition of the African-American past seems just a bit different. For the very first time, we celebrate Black History Month while a black American sits in the White House, filling the country's top job as our commander-in-chief.

    Just about everyone would agree that Barack Oba ...

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  • Commentary On Praise Song For The Day: Obama's Inauguration Poem, By Elizabeth Alexander
    By: Nate Gillespie | - Professor Elizabeth Alexander had the challenging task of writing a poem for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. She read that poem, Praise Song for the Day, aloud to millions of people on January 20, 2009. Alexander, an African-American poet, filled the shoes of literary giants like Robert Frost, Miller Williams, and Maya Angelou, all of whom read original poems at past presidential inaugurations.

    Alexander chose to write her poem in the form of a praise song. A pra ...

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  • President Barack Obama What Does It Mean?
    By: Nate Gillespie | - This January, Barack Obama became the President of the United States.

    It was truly a remarkably moment in our history, for a wide variety of reasons. Obamas inauguration marked a dramatic reversal in our national politics, likely ending a generation of conservative Republican domination in Washington. It brought a successful conclusion to a new kind of campaign, one based in savvy use of the internet for political fundraising and organizing. It captured the collective imagination ...

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  • Obama's Speech: How Does It Stack Up To History?
    By: Nate Gillespie | - In January, Barack Obama became the 44th President of the United States, taking his oath of office on the steps of the Capitol before what is believed to be the largest crowd ever to witness a presidential inaugural in person.

    Following the swearing in ceremonywhich was conducted on Abraham Lincolns bibleObama gave a powerful speech, promising the American people that they could and would unite to overcome the economic and military difficulties facing the nation. O ...

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  • American History In Obama's Inauguration Speech
    By: Nate Gillespie | - As anyone who saw a campaign poster in 2008 could surely tell you, Barack Obama is all about change. Change in the White House, most profoundly in the simple, yet stunning, fact that we now have our first black president. Change in the tenor of politics, in an effort to step back from the ferocious partisanship of the past decade. And change in the direction of the country, in the form of a dramatic shift in the priorities and policies of the government.

    Yet change, Obama also knows, can ...

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