In American states systems of courts rather differing among themselves act. Generally their features speak historical conditions of forming of judicial system in the given staff. More often in states systems of general courts, and also various courts of the limited or special jurisdiction are used two- and three-stage. The two-level system of general courts including only courts of the first instance and the higher judicial body, is is usual peculiar small in the sizes and the population to states, and three-stage, with courts of intermediate, appeal jurisdiction, to larger states in which courts a considerable quantity civil and criminal cases is considered.
The court heading judicial system in staff, carries the name of the Supreme court more often, however in a number of states it is called as appeal court. They consist of five-nine judges one of which is appointed the chairman of the court. The courts of states Supreme and corresponding to them are engaged, mainly, in consideration of appeal complaints to decisions of inferior courts. In the majority of states they consider complaints only on judgements which concern matters of law, in the others as well under matters of fact. In the majority of states the Supreme courts solve, whether to accept to consideration appeal complaints and other circulatuions to them, except sentences to the death penalty complaints on which are subject to obligatory trial in the Supreme court of staff. In separate states the rule according to which the Supreme court is obliged to consider all without an exception complaints arriving to it acts.
In American states systems of courts rather differing among themselves act. Generally their features speak historical conditions of forming of judicial system in the given staff. More often in states systems of general courts, and also various courts of the limited or special jurisdiction are used two- and three-stage. The two-level system of general courts including only courts of the first instance and the higher judicial body, is is usual peculiar small in the sizes and the population to states, and three-stage, with courts of intermediate, appeal jurisdiction, to larger states in which courts a considerable quantity civil and criminal cases is considered.
The court heading judicial system in staff, carries the name of the Supreme court more often, however in a number of states it is called as appeal court. They consist of five-nine judges one of which is appointed the chairman of the court. The courts of states Supreme and corresponding to them are engaged, mainly, in consideration of appeal complaints to decisions of inferior courts. In the majority of states they consider complaints only on judgements which concern matters of law, in the others as well under matters of fact. In the majority of states the Supreme courts solve, whether to accept to consideration appeal complaints and other circulatuions to them, except sentences to the death penalty complaints on which are subject to obligatory trial in the Supreme court of staff. In separate states the rule according to which the Supreme court is obliged to consider all without an exception complaints arriving to it acts.
The role of the Supreme courts of states in interpretation of constitutions and an estimation of the legislation of states in connection with actions of proceeding considered by them or complaints to decisions of administrative authorities is especially great.
Courts of intermediate jurisdiction are created in a number of states for consideration of complaints to sentences and decisions of the courts of the first instance and other legal agencies. They bear different names, but more often them refer to as appeal courts. Sometimes in states the separate criminal appeal court, in some cases courts of intermediate jurisdiction is created function as appeal departments of the Supreme court of staff. Into their railroad train enter from 10 to 50 judges. Hearing of affairs is conducted is usual by boards from three judges. In some states appeal courts consider on the first instance, including with participation of jurymen, certain categories civil and criminal cases. In this case process is led by the individual judge.
Affairs in district courts are considered either individual judges, or judges with participation of jurymen. Now the quantity of
jurymen in the American courts of any instances including in federal system of courts, constitutes, at trial of the criminal cases, twelve persons or is less, but not less than six jurymen.
At trial of civil cases - more often six if the parties don't demand increase in number of jurymen. In the majority of states for acknowledgement of the defendant guilty removal by jurymen of an unanimous verdict is required. Appointment to the defendant of punishment, as a rule, is included into the competence only judges, however in some states jurymen the verdict should solve and punishment questions (about an admissibility of removal of the death sentence, etc.).
Besides the named links of general system of courts in each American state there are courts of the limited jurisdiction in which trusts to consider cases about the insignificant crimes punished by penalties or, as a rule, by only short-term imprisonment, and also civil cases with a small sum in dispute, more often to 1.000 dollars. They carry names municipal (city, police, courts of counties, courts of general sessions, etc.) courts. Affairs in them listen city councils or the world judges who are not necessarily possessing professional legal preparation.
In many states courts of special jurisdiction act also or is independent, or at district courts. These are courts under taxes, on ground disputes, on affairs about inheritance, under claims to the authorities of states, the courts assorting of business about road traffic offense, etc. the Important place among them is occupied with courts on affairs of the minors, quite often uniting in themselves and function of family courts. They assort affairs about offenses of minors, take measures to the parents who are not caring of children, supervise education conditions in unsuccessful families, try to permit family conflicts, etc.
In organizations of the USA also there is the administrative judge appointed the head of organization. It takes out only provisional solutions under complaints of citizens.
