How Observational Learning Is Done

How Observational Learning Is Done

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Observational learning occurs after observing and remembering the actions of others, and then adjusting ones own behavior. It is thought that by using reinforcement certain actions will afterwards be replicated. When actions are followed by negative consequences, they are discouraged and should not be imitated or performed by observers. However, when actions are followed with a positive reinforcement, they are very likely to be duplicated by observers.

This learning type is achieved by individuals who are any age. However, it is believed to be especially important when practiced by children, particularly when they are learning about authority. This type of learning is one reason why it is thought that television and parental observation can negatively impact children's actions.

There are a few elements that are required for lessons to be successful. Individuals must pay attention to details of a behavior as it is done. The duplication or avoidance of these behaviors later on will be unaffected if the action and resulting consequence go unnoticed.

The details of behaviors must be retained. If key steps are not remembered, they cannot be properly performed. An individual needs to be physically able to accomplish an action as well. It will not matter how closely it is observed or how well it is remembered if an action cannot be done due to physical limitations.

For actions to be performed there must also be the opportunity to do them as well as the motivation. Motivation can be different forms of reinforcement or the promise of rewards. Punishment can also affect behavior by discouraging the performance of certain other actions. Situations where the practicing of behaviors is appropriate must also take place.

This method can accomplish many things. Individuals will learn new actions and repeat behaviors either more or less often. It can also encourage the completion of behavior that was formerly punished. It encourage performance of similar behaviors as well. If practicing soccer is highly encouraged, kids may also be encouraged to learn tennis or football.

Although the learner will sometimes imitate a positively enforced action, observational learning is different from imitation in key ways. For one, it leads to changes in behaviors following observation. Secondly, it does not require an exact duplication of all behaviors. Some behaviors that are observed may be unwanted and show the consequences of those actions to discourage them. In that case, observation would decrease instances of repetition. On the other hand, if the purpose of observation is to encourage an action, it will likely be imitated.

Because of the natural tendency for repeating what is viewed as a rewarding task, watching television is considered possibly dangerous. Not only do the characters in movies act badly, but often their behavior is rewarded. It was discovered that more than half of the characters in television shows made for children act in violent ways and are rewarded. Viewing this may encourage children to develop their own violent tendencies.

Observational learning works through observing actions and according to their outcome deciding either to repeat or discontinue behaving similarly. To achieve success, observers must closely watch behavior, have both motivation and opportunity for practice, retain details, and meet physical requirements. However, in some settings, like while watching television, bad behavior is often rewarded. This can lead to the reinforcement of some unfavorable actions.

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