By 1643, a number of
links of london anecdotal comments attest to the large number of housing vacancies and laments that rents were depressed-if collectable at all (Coates 2004, 207, 221, 224-25; Porter 1996c, 191). By July 1644, the royalist newspaper Mercurius Aulicus (no doubt desiring to paint opposition to the king in an unfavorable light) claimed that
cheap links of london the House of Commons had received a list of 12,000 houses and shops that were empty "in and around London"
It is not clear how the data were gathered, or exactly what composed "in and around London," but the 123-parish area might be the approximate equivalent which might have been included in the newspaper's list but not in mine). However they were gathered, the article probably
cheap links of london charms exaggerated the results for effect by employing such tactics as rounding up to the nearest thousand.
If 12,000 vacancies is a roughly accurate number (the vast majority would be dwellings, not shops, because there were comparatively few of the latter), then a 3.78 persons per average household
cheap links of london necklaces size indicates that perhaps up to 45,000 people had already departed by mid-1644-too many for Sutherland's (1972) increase to reach his temporary population peak in 1645.
Another puzzle is that despite the similar magnitude of these two quite different estimates of departures (45,000 compared with Sutherland's [1972] 50,000) their respective timing of deaths and exodus from London is sufficiently different to cause doubts. It is not clear from the non-Sutherland sources why Sutherland's (ibid.) supposed exodus would have occurred after 1645.
Jonas and Nissenson note that Edward VII, as an earlier Prince of Wales, was seen at Marienbad wearing cuff-links of bright red enamelled gold set with rubies and diamonds from the fabulous Russian house of Faberge. From Faberge, too, came the double ovals of gold, each set with a flower whose centre was a large diamond surrounded by rubies, which Barbara Hutton in 1943 gave to Cary Grant, her third husband. The cuff-links were made around 1900.
Cuff-links, or sleeve buttons as they were sometimes called, were first used in the late 1600s. Before that, ruffled cuffs were closed with ribbons or laces. Surviving early cuff-links tend to be singles, the partners having disappeared, like the odd sock sometimes seen in the street. By mid-Victorian times, men were wearing detachable collars and cuffs, heavily starched and glazed. Gentlemen wore linen, others celluloid or even stiff paper. Cuff-links were supplied by leading firms like Child & Child in London, Carrington and Tiffany in New York. Early Victorian specimens were of gold, silver and ivory. Cartier introduced agate cameos. Later came cuff-links of gold, mosaic, enamels, crystals, cameos, and from Lalique, glass intaglio with graceful nudes. In 1886, Bloomingdale's offered "very neat rolled gold sleeve buttons for 25 cents."
